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Schwartz was his own greatest subject and saw poems as vehicles for self-mythologization. His artistic merits melded with his personal ones, and his poetic failures are but the shameful, dark mirror of his foibles. His wit became bile, his intelligence pedantry, his honesty a reflexive brutality: “Thus will he pay the dialectical price; / Each virtue when too swollen is a vice!” And so followed the entwined erosion of both his personal fortunes and the quality of his verse. In true tragic fashion, Schwartz’s decline was largely self-inflicted. The exuberant imagination that buoyed his early poems was no less vigorous but redirected toward the paranoiac fantasy and harebrained scheming that made him a pariah; keen observation curdled into gratuitous malice; unflinching self-analysis lapsed first into stultifying anxiety and then into a bog of cosmic self-pity. For all that Schwartz immersed himself in his major forebear, T.S. Eliot, he ultimately foreswore that poet’s gospel of impersonality and instead shipwrecked himself upon the shores of the ego: “Aut Caesar aut nullus! cries all egotism, / And cannot bear another’s criticism.” He fell prey to the cardinal sin for a poet: sentimentality.
    -ESSAY: He Became a Fabulous Opera (R.K. HEGELMAN, Poetry Foundation)
While no one could have known at the time that Schwartz would make such a trainwreck of his life, if I told you that in the story that made him the next-big-thing he screamed at his parents during their courtship--“Don’t do it! It’s not too late to change your minds, both of you. Nothing good will come of it, only remorse, hatred, scandal, and two children whose characters are monstrous.”--you might well anticipate his unhappy life.

The story features two things I really hate, it's a dream sequence, which has never worked in any book or film, and it's basically just whingeing about parents. He dreams he's in a cinema that is showing a film where his own parents fall in love. In the middle of the show he stands and screams the above at them. Philip Larkin achieved the same effect in lighter and more humorous fashion, in an actual poem (profanity warning). But, of course, he universalized the parental kvetch. It was kind of disheartening to read that many emerging Jewish-American intellectuals celebrated Schwartz's story because they felt similar tensions with their Old World parents. Consider that Schwartz's parents were born in Eastern Europe and the debt he owes them just for existing is immeasurable. It is impossible to sympathize with the narrator/Schwartz, even if his dad was no prize.

But it gets worse. I've been reading a bunch of short stories lately and one was Saul Bellow's Father-to-Be. [In Humboldt's Gift, Bellow modeled the titular character on Schartz.] Thirty-one-year-old Rogin is headed home from work to see his fiance and we travel with him. He makes observations about everyone he sees along the way, eventually contemplating a fellow subway passenger:
Meanwhile, he had not interrupted his examination of the passengers and had fallen into a study of the man next to him. This was a man whom he had never in his life seen before but with whom he now suddenly felt linked through all existence. He was middle-aged, sturdy, with clear skin and blue eyes. His hands were clean, well-formed, but Rogin did not approve of them. The coat he wore was a fairly expensive blue check such as Rogin would never have chosen for himself. He would not have worn blue suede shoes, either, or such a faultless hat, a cumbersome felt animal of a hat encircled by a high, fat ribbon. There are all kinds of dandies, not all of them are of the flaunting kind; some are dandies of respectability, and Rogin's fellow-passenger was one of these. His straight-nosed profile was handsome, yet he had betrayed his gift, for he was flat-looking. But in his flat way he seemed to warn people that he wanted no difficulties with them, he wanted nothing to do with them. Wearing such blue suede shoes, he could not afford to have people treading on his feet, and he seemed to draw about himself a circle of privilege, notifying all others to mind their own business and let him read his paper. He was holding a Tribune, and perhaps it would be overstatement to say that he was reading. He was holding it.

His clear skin and blue eyes, his straight and purely Roman nose - even the way he sat - all strongly suggested one person to Rogin: Joan. He tried to escape the comparison, but it couldn't be helped. This man not only looked like Joan's father, whom Rogin detested; he looked like Joan herself. Forty years hence, a son of hers, provided she had one, might be like this. A son of hers? Of such a son, he himself, Rogin, would be the father. Lacking in dominant traits as compared with Joan, his heritage would not appear. Probably the child would resemble her. Yes, think forty years ahead, and a man like this, who sat by him knee to knee in the hurtling car among their fellow-creatures, unconscious participants in a sort of great carnival of transit - such a man would carry forwards what had been Rogin.

This was why he felt bound to him through all existence. What were forty years reckoned against eternity! Forty years were gone, and he was gazing at his own son. Here he was. Rogin was frightened and moved. ‘My son! My son!' he said to himself, and the pity of it almost made him burst into tears. The holy and frightful work of the masters of life and death brought this about. We were their instruments. We worked towards ends we thought were our own. But no! The whole thing was so unjust. To suffer, to labour, to toil and force your way through the spikes of life, to crawl through its darkest caverns, to push through the worst, to struggle under the weight of economy, to make money- only to become the father of a fourth-rate man of the world like this, so flat-looking, with his ordinary, clean, rosy, uninteresting, self-satisfied, fundamentally bourgeois face. What a curse to have a dull son!

A son like this, who could never understand his father. They had absolutely nothing, but nothing, in common, he and this neat, chubby, blue-eyed man. He was so pleased, thought Rogin, with all he owned and all he did and all he was that he could hardly unfasten his lip. Look at that lip, sticking up at the tip like a little thorn or egg tooth. He wouldn't give anyone the time of day. Would this perhaps be general forty years from now? Would personalities be chillier as the world aged and grew colder? The inhumanity of the next generation incensed Rogin. Father and son had no sign to make to each other. Terrible! Inhuman! What a vision of existence it gave him. Man's personal aims were nothing, illusion. The life force occupied each of us in turn in its progress towards its own fulfilment, trampling on our individual humanity, using us for its own ends like mere dinosaurs or bees, exploiting love heartlessly, making us engage in the social process, labour, struggle for money, and submit to the law of pressure, the universal law of layers, superimposition!

What the blazes am I getting into? Rogin thought. To be the father of a throwback to her father. The image of this white-haired, gross, peevish old man with his ugly selfish blue eyes revolted Rogin. This was how his grandson would look. Joan, with whom Rogin was now more and more displeased, could not help that. For her, it was inevitable. But did it have to be inevitable for him? Well, then, Rogin, you fool, don't be a damned instrument. Get out of the way!'
At least Mr. Schwartz resented his actual parents, here Mr. Bellow expresses a pathological resentment of a future son and merely because he may be an ordinary man?!? Consider too that he apparently believes his own life to have been a heroic struggle when the fact of the matter it that is was those emigre parents who underwent the trials so that the Schwartz/Bellow generation could grow up in the peaceful affluence of North America.

As we continue to spin these themes out we arrive at an interesting intersection, because Saul Bellow was friends with Allan Bloom (see Ravelstein) who was the mentor of Francis Fukuyama. Decades before The End of History, Rogin is essentially despairing at the prospect of birthing a Last Man. This part of Fukuyama's book tends to get far less recognition than his assertion that liberalism has no viable rivaLs remaining. It is the notion that while democracy/capitalism/protestantism will render our lives rather easy, we will find the lack of challenges intolerable.

This is not a threat that we can dismiss out of hand. Indeed, it is possible to read the hysteria of the Tea Party/MAGA and the way they invent threats to their way of life as nothing but an attempt to make our comfortable bourgeois lives seem more dramatic. There is a powerful psychological incentive to see ourselves as the heroes of our own stories, after all. But this is only going to become more and more difficult as technological advances--like AI and renewable energy--make it ever easier to create wealth. Suppose that we initiate a cultural shift, in this post-Historical age, and valorize the undramatic but vitally important aspects of human life, like stable marriage, raising families, educating well, building communities, maintaining cultural institutions, etc. Looking around at our various cultural pathologies, is there any reason to believe these tasks require any less effort, courage and dedication than merely making money did? Maybe we've only partially realized the American Dream by achieving liberal democracy and now the mission is to take advantage of the possibilities that affords to make life fulfilling? Rather than despairing of our parents, our children and our own lives, let us accept Edmund Burke's notion of "a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born"? There is plenty left to do.


(Reviewed:)

Grade: (D)


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Short Stories
Delmore Schwartz Links:

    -WIKIPEDIA: Delmore Schwartz
    -AUTHOR PAGE: Delmore Schwartz (New Directions)
    -COLLECTION: Schwartz, Delmore, 1913-1966 (Archives at Yale)
    -ENTRY: Schwartz, Delmore (Frederick Ethan Fischer, 26 July 2017, Oxford Research Encyclopedia)
    -ENTRY: Delmore Schwartz (Poetry Foundation)
    -WIKIPEDIA: In Dreams Begin Responsibilities
    -AUDIO: Delmore Schwartz - In Dreams Begin Responsibilities (1935) (read by Lou Reed)
    -PDF: In Dreams Begin Responsibilities (Delmore Schwartz, December 1937, Partisan Review)
    -ESSAY: Coney matrimony is phoney baloney: Delmore Schwartz's precociously brilliant account of an ill-fated courtship, In Dreams Begin Responsibilities, was the peak of his career (Jason Cowley, 5/04/03, The Observer)
    -ESSAY: On a Story by Delmore Schwartz (Ruth R. Wisse, Summer 2019, Jewish Review of Books)
He was, in fact, the first in that Partisan Review coterie to recognize that literary modernism confronted Jews with a special problem. Some of its greatest practitioners were openly anti-Semitic, and the movement’s antipathy to family, community, and nation made it generally antagonistic to the Jewish people. Jews were inherently bourgeois.

    -ESSAY: “In Dreams Begin Responsibilities” by Delmore Schwartz (from Why I Like This Story, Edited by Jackson R. Bryer)
    -ESSAY: Shouting at the Silents: The Cine-Dreams of Delmore Schwartz (Jonah Corne, Border Crossings)
    -ESSAY: The Wound of Consciousness: An Introduction to "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities" (JAYNE ANNE PHILLIPS, Fall 2014, The Iowa Review)
    -POEM: At a Solemn Musick (Delmore Schwartz, Summer 1958, Kenyon Review)
    -ETEXT: The World is a Wedding by Delmore Schwartz
    -ESSAY: T. S. Eliot's Voice and His Voices (DELMORE SCHWARTZ, December 1954, Poetry)
    -ESSAY: The Isolation of Modern Poetry (Delmore Schwartz, Spring 1941, Kenyon Review)
    -ESSAY: In Dreams Begin Responsibilities, Delmore Schwartz (1938): Forgotten genius was Lou Reed’s teacher, Saul Bellow’s inspiration (ADAM KIRSCH, SEPTEMBER 16, 2013, Tablet)
    -ESSAY: Reading Delmore Schwartz, Our Responsibilities Begin (David Ulin, June 14, 2016, The Forward)
    -ESSAY: He Became a Fabulous Opera: Delmore Schwartz is often touted as an exemplary literary tragedy. A long-overdue Collected Poems showcases his extravagant genius—and his failures. (R.K. HEGELMAN, Poetry Foundation)
    -ESSAY: Delmore Schwartz and the Biographer’s Obsession (James Atlas, Aug. 20th, 2017, The New Yorker)
    -ESSAY: The Enigma of Delmore Schwartz, the Luminous Poet Who Fell From Grace: Schwartz's Supporters Compared Him to Eliot, Pound, and Auden (Ben Mazer, January 17, 2020, LitHub)
    -ESSAY: Delmore Schwartz’s Genesis and ‘international consciousness’ (Alex Runchman, Irish Journal of American Studies)
    -ESSAY: Lou Reed’s Rabbi: The rock star’s new tribute to his teacher, the writer Delmore Schwartz, illuminates their common genius (JAKE MARMER, OCTOBER 29, 2012, Tablet)
    -ESSAY: Reconsidering Delmore Schwartz ((Elisa New, SEPTEMBER 1985, Prooftexts)
    -ESSAY: Homage to Delmore Schwartz (Easy Street, July 22, 2017)
    -ESSAY: The 1938 Club: Delmore Schwartz ‘In Dreams Begin Responsibilities’ (FAYE CHEESEMAN, 4/17/16, The 1938 Club)
    -ESSAY: Delmore Schwartz’s Screamatorium (Askold Melnyczuk, August 12, 2021, LA Review of Books)
    -ESSAY: In Dreams Begin Responsibilities by Delmore Schwartz (books that matter)
    -STUDY GUIDE: In Dreams Begin Responsibilities and Other Stories Background by Delmore Schwartz (Grade Saver)
    -ESSAY: Delmore Schwartz, “The Statues,”and a few others (Reading Partisan Review: 1930s–1970s)
    -ESSAY: Delmore Schwartz and Lou Reed: The Odd Couple (Menachem Feuer, 10/30/13, Schlemiel Theory)
    -ESSAY: Inconclusible Desire: The Doubling of Delmore Schwartz (Phillip Beard, 2009, Literary Imaginiation)
    -ESSAY: Strangers (Irving Howe, June 1, 1977, Dissent)
    -ESSAY: Who Killed Poetry? (Joseph Epstein, Summer 1988, Commentary)
    -ESSAY: The Delicate Art of Turning Your Parents Into Content: Gen Z creators are learning the lessons of Scorsese and Akerman: putting mom and dad in your work brings pathos, complexity, and a certain frisson. (Jessica Winter, June 5, 2024, The New Yorker)
    -ARCHIVES: Delmore Schwartz (Internet Archives)
    -">-ARCHIVES: Delmore Schwartz (Kenyon Review)
    -REVIEW: of The Collected Poems of Delmore Schwartz, Edited by Ben Mazer (Steve Donoghue, Open Letters Review)
    -REVIEW: of The Collected Poems of Delmore Schwartz (Diane Mehta, TLS)
    -REVIEW: of The Collected Poems of Delmore Schwartz edited by Ben Mazer (William Logan, New Criterion)
    -REVIEW: of The Collected Poems of Delmore Schwartz edited by Ben Mazer (Michael Casper, Dissent)
    -REVIEW: of Successful Love by Delmore Schwartz (Robert W. Flint, Commentary)
    -REVIEW: of Letters of Delmore Schwartz selected and edited by Robert Phillips, foreword by Karl Shapiro (Helen Vendler, NY Review of Books)
    -REVIEW: of Once and for All: The Best of Del­more Schwartz Craig Mor­gan Teich­er, ed.; John Ash­bery, into. (Mer­rill Leffler, Jewish Book CCouncil)
    -REVIEW: of Once for All (Matt Hanson, artsFuse)
    -REVIEW ESSAY: The Delmore File: review of Delmore Schwartz: The Life of an American Poet by James Atlas & In Dreams Begin Responsibilities and Other Stories by Delmore Schwartz, foreword by Irving Howe, introduction by James Atlas (Robert Towers, March 23, 1978, NY Review of Books)
    -REVIEW: of The Wounded Surgeon: Confession and Transformation in Six American Poets: Robert Lowell, Elizabeth Bishop, John Berryman, Randall Jarrell, Delmore Schwartz and Sylvia Plath. By Adam Kirsch (David Lehman, NY Times Book Review)
    -REVIEW: of The Wounded Surgeon (Michiko Kakutani, NY Times)
    -REVIEW: of Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow (Louis Simpson, NY Times Book Review)
    -REVIEW ESSAY: Lost Causes/Marginal Hopes: the Collected Elegies of Irving Howe (Sanford Pinsker, Spring 1989, VQR)

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